While these things may help reduce the chance of getting ovarian cancer, they are not recommended for everybody, and risks and benefits are associated with each. For instance, birth control pills can increase your chance of getting breast cancer. Although you may be able to lower your risk, it does not mean you will not get cancer. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link.
Ovarian Cancer. J Cancer ;6 09 An ovarian carcinogenesis model has been established that correlates with the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of ovarian cancer in humans. Moreover, this model can be established with Type 1 or Type II ovarian tumors. Type I tumors are slow-growing, they can develop from precursor lesions, and they include borderline serous tumors, low grade serous carcinomas, mucinous carcinoma, endometrioid carcinomas, and clear cell carcinomas.
In contrast, type II tumors are highly aggressive, most are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and they include high-grade serous carcinomas, malignant mixed mesodermal tumors carcinosarcomas , and undifferentiated tumors.
The origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer: a proposed unifying theory. Am J Surg Pathol ;34 03 Screenings of asymptomatic women for ovarian cancer have not been effective.
Therefore, it is very important that symptoms associated with early stage ovarian cancer be identified. If these symptoms are present for less than 1 year and occur more than 12 days per month, ovarian cancer is suspected. When any 6 of these symptoms occurred more than 12 times per month and within a period less than 1 year, the associated sensitivity of ovarian cancer detection was Development of an ovarian cancer symptom index: possibilities for earlier detection.
Cancer ; 02 It is recommended that the presence of these symptoms should be considered for a differential diagnosis of ovarian cancer. CA Cancer J Clin ;61 03 : Despite the low sensitivity and specificity of ovarian cancer screening methods and the need to develop new early diagnostic methods, 10 10 Wang ZH, Xu CJ.
Research progress ofmicroRNA in early detection of ovarian cancer. Chin Med J Engl ; 24 gynecological examination, ultrasound, and monitoring of a panel of systemic tumor markers represent approaches that are currently considered reasonable for obtaining an early diagnosis of ovarian neoplasia. Early diagnosis and predictors of malignancy of adnexal masses. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol ;18 01 : There are several theories regarding carcinogenesis in ovarian epithelial tissue. Some conditions are involved with increasing or reducing the risk.
The most consistent risk factors are related to reproductive aspects, such as nulliparity, early menarche and late menopause. Results from four rounds of ovarian cancer screening in a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol ; 04 The genetic attributable risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Cancer ;77 11 Both genes encode large proteins that play critical roles in the DNA repair pathway. The DNA damage response: making it safe to play with knives. Mol Cell ;40 02 Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose the hereditary syndrome of breast and ovarian cancer characterized by multiple family members affected with breast or ovarian cancer, bilateral breast cancer, and other cancers in family members, including prostate, pancreas, and male breast cancer.
Germline EMSY sequence alterations in hereditary breast cancer and ovarian cancer families. BMC Cancer ;17 01 Other factors, such as poor diet that leads to overweight or obesity, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption and smoking, are studied factors implicated in the possible increase in the rate of disease development.
Ovarian cancer: epidemiology and risk factors. Eur J Cancer Prev ;26 01 The main reasons for the occurrence of ovarian cancer are still unclear. However, lifestyle factors are also important in the etiology of this disease. Current evidence suggests that the risk of ovarian cancer can be reduced with the practice of various healthy habits that are often advocated by grandparents, specifically, a good diet that includes a minimal number of non-processed foods, regular physical exercise, and avoiding smoking, prolonged hormone replacement therapy, and obesity.
It is also proposed that the detection of women at high risk for ovarian cancer should be evaluated for prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy. Prevention of ovarian cancer. Total 97 articles were selected for further examination.
Known risk factors for ovarian cancer include age, obesity, reproductive history, family history, hormone replacement therapy, and smoking Fig.
Preoperative serum 8- hydroxydeoxyguanosine is associated with chemoresistance and is a powerful prognostic factor in endometrioid-type epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer ; Conversely, factors which limit or reduce the risk of ovarian cancer include: inhibition or arrest of normal ovulation due to pregnancy or contraception, an extended lactation period, multiparity, 20 20 Clarke-Pearson DL. Clinical practice. Screening for ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med ; 02 and prior surgery such as fimbriectomy, salpingectomy, or salpingo-oophorectomy.
N Engl J Med ; 21 Abbreviations: BRCA, breast cancer. In the literature, procedures have been described that may prevent the occurrence of ovarian cancer. However, there are some limitations to these procedures, such as there being no prospective studies that demonstrate the efficacy of oral contraception or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in patients with unknown factors for ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer prevention: Time for primetime? Cancer ; 13 In the studies that have shown a reduced risk of ovarian cancer following bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, the surgeries were generally reserved for women at high risk of developing ovarian cancer, such as those with hereditary susceptibility to ovarian cancer.
Jun Accumulating evidence suggests that ovulation increases the levels of inflammatory agents that can lead to mutations in the DNA. For example, ovulation creates breaks in the surface of an ovary, and the subsequent healing process involves increased levels of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species directly oxidize the DNA, and this can exponentially increase the risk of developing mutations. Perturbation of sheep ovarian surface epithelial cells by ovulation: evidence for roles of progesterone and poly ADP-ribose polymerase in the restoration of DNA integrity.
N Engl J Med ; 04 Menstrual and reproductive factors in relation to ovarian cancer risk. Br J Cancer ;84 05 The lifelong number of menstrual cycles for a woman has also been associated with ovarian cancer risk, thereby suggesting that ovulation has a role in ovarian carcinogenesis. Lifetime ovulatory cycles and ovarian cancer risk in 2 Italian case-control studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol ; 01 Both case-control and cohort studies have demonstrated that pregnancy protects women against ovarian cancer, and that benefit increases according to the number of pregnancies.
N Engl J Med ; 04 Accumulating evidence also indicates that the use of oral contraceptives reduces the risk of ovarian cancer, possibly due to suppression of ovulation and the direct effects of hormones on the ovary. Incessant ovulation and ovarian cancer - a hypothesis re-visited. Facts Views Vis ObGyn ;5 04 Both a systematic review and a meta-analysis of 24 studies of case-controls and cohorts showed a significant reduction in the incidence of ovarian cancer in women who used oral contraceptives compared with those who did not.
Oral contraceptive pills as primary prevention for ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol ; 01 : However, the minimum optimal duration of contraception use would be 5 years.
Ovarian cancer and body size: individual participant metaanalysis including 25, women with ovarian cancer from 47 epidemiological studies. Oral contraceptives and the risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med ; 07 More recently, factors that regulate the availability of sex steroids and their importance in the pathophysiological aspects of female reproductive cancers have been examined.
Sexual steroid hormones such as estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone are involved in the etiology of ovarian cancer, and changes in these hormones have been observed when reproductive patterns exhibit alterations as well as when there is development of an ovarian cancer.
For example, the use of oral steroids may increase the risk of ovarian cancer in the same way that hormone replacement therapy does, due to changes in the levels of estradiol and progesterone that occur during the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women. The high androgen levels in the pre- and postmenopausal stages correlate with the increased risk of ovarian cancer initiation.
During menopause, the incidence of ovarian cancer is considerably increased because the androgens are the main steroid source produced by the ovaries. The role of sex hormones and steroid receptors on female reproductive cancers. Steroids ; Events of reproductive life and the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci ;95 11 Germline mutations in these genes can be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and significantly increase the risks of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
Moreover, patients with invasive ovarian cancer have an Women who have deleterious mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 , or whose mother or sister have genetic mutations in these genes, represent a subgroup of individuals with an increased likelihood of developing ovarian cancer.
Toward understanding the natural history of ovarian carcinoma development: a clinicopathological approach. Breast Cancer Res Treat ; 03 Ovarian carcinomas associated with mutations in the BRCA gene are also considerably more aggressive than sporadic tumors.
However, sensitivity to platinum-based treatments is high. In addition, a more favorable prognosis has been reported for patients carrying BRCA2 mutations compared with patients with sporadic ovarian cancer, and this cancer does not occur in women with BRCA1 mutations.
BRCA-associated ovarian cancer: from molecular genetics to risk management. BioMed Res Int ; When the epithelium at the surface of an ovary is disrupted during ovulation, tubal epithelial cells of the fimbriae of the fallopian tube can move and implant in the ovary, thereby forming an inclusion cyst.
It is possible that a serous carcinoma can subsequently develop. Are all pelvic nonuterine serous carcinomas of tubal origin? Am J Surg Pathol ;34 10 small foci of tubal carcinomas can possibly invade the ovarian epithelium.
N Engl J Med ; 21 The risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy surgery involves removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes before the occurrence of a clinically apparent cancer. An additional benefit of this surgery is the apparent reduction in the risk of breast cancer, presumably because of the ablation of ovarian hormones.
Prophylactic oophorectomy inwomen at increased cancer risk. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol ;19 01 : Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol ;19 01 : after the age of 35 or after they no longer want to become pregnant. This procedure can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and the risk of breast cancer due to ablation of ovarian hormone production. Gynecol Oncol ; 01 : Over the last decade, a model has been proposed for ovarian carcinogenesis that starts in the fallopian tube. Am J Surg Pathol ;34 03 It was suggested that bilateral salpingectomy could prevent this process by removing the potential tissue source for ovarian cancer and the risks of surgical menopause would be avoided.
For patients at high risk for ovarian cancer, this method has been proposed in clinical trials. Nov Costs and benefits of opportunistic salpingectomy as an ovarian cancer prevention strategy. Fallopian tube ligation or salpingectomy as means for reducing risk of ovarian cancer. Tubal ligation and risk of ovarian cancer subtypes: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Int J Epidemiol ;42 02 Accumulating evidence indicates that the most common and lethal form of ovarian cancer, the high-grade serous subtype, originates in the distal fallopian tube.
Consequently, it is recommended that bilateral salpingectomy be performed during gynecological surgeries, particularly during hysterectomy and tubal sterilization procedures, and for this reason, it is called opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy. The role of opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy vs tubal occlusion or ligation for ovarian cancer prophylaxis.
J Minim Invasive Gynecol ;24 03 The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has issued a statement endorsing the recommendation that surgeons and patients discuss fallopian tube removal during hysterectomy without oophorectomy, and that bilateral salpingectomy should be presented when counseling women about methods of laparoscopic sterilization.
Committee opinion no. Obstet Gynecol ; 01 In premenopausal women, salpingo-oophorectomy induces a sudden onset of menopause. As a result, women can experience severe hot flashes, vaginal dryness, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairments following surgery, and these can affect the quality of life. Premature menopause is also a significant risk factor for osteoporosis and ischemic heart disease.
Lancet Oncol ;7 03 : Several authors have emphasized the risk of developing peritoneal carcinoma following prophylactic oophorectomy. For example, among women who underwent prophylactic oophorectomy surgery at an ovarian cancer center in Buffalo, NY, 1. Prophylactic oophorectomy. The salpingectomy is better at reducing risks related to early menopause. However, the safety of this surgery in regard to preservation of ovarian function is not well defined.
If a salpingectomy does not interfere with ovarian blood flow, it should not adversely affect ovarian functions that is, hormone production, ovulation, and menopause age. Opportunistic salpingectomy for ovarian cancer prevention. Gynecol Oncol Res Pract ; However, this remains to be confirmed. The performance and safety of bilateral salpingectomy forovariancancer preventionin the United States.
Am J Obstet Gynecol ; 03 Unfortunately, prospective studies to investigate the effect of patient age on salpingectomy and risk of ovarian cancer would require a long follow-up period. Moreover, residual microscopic fimbrial tissue on the ovarian surface can be found, which could decrease the impact of bilateral salpingectomy in reducing the risk of ovarian cancer.
Persistence of fimbrial tissue on the ovarian surface after salpingectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol ; 04 Int J Epidemiol ;42 02 Brush cytology of the fallopian tube and implications in ovarian cancer screening. Any woman that has ovaries is at risk of ovarian cancer, although there are some factors that increase this risk.
Having a family history of the cancer, carrying the genetic mutations BRCA1 or BRCA2, or being over the age of 63 are just a few of the uncontrollable factors that increase the risk of developing the disease. However, there are some lifestyle factors you can control to decrease your risk of ovarian cancer.
Exercise and Diet By maintaining a weekly exercise regime and a healthy diet, the risk of ovarian cancer decreases. Along with an active lifestyle, incorporating certain foods into your diet can also decrease your risk.
Foods like beans, eggs, nuts, and other foods that provide Vitamin D are recommended as well as foods high in Vitamin A like carrots, leafy greens, and sweet potatoes. The longer the medication is used, the lower the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Oral contraceptives are not for everyone, so be sure to consult your physician to see if this is what works best for you.
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