Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer. Abstract Electron, proton and neutron are the most important Subatomic particles which made atoms. Between them neutron does not have any electric charge but electron is negative and against that proton is positive. We know the electron as an elementary particle and proton consists of two different kinds of elementary particles up and down quarks. But we do not know structure of electron and proton.
Saleh Theory defines a structure for electron as hollow sphere and for proton as continues texture. Here we proved that the electron and proton properties are due to its structure.
So electrons moves easily and protons are like black hole because of their structure. This indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining best shape for electron and proton from Saleh Theory and it is possible to determine a structure for neutrons too which could help us to have better understand about particle physics examination. References Dehmelt, H. Weise, W. Quarks and Nuclei: World Scientific.
How to Cite. Saleh, G. This standard value is equal to approximately 1. Protons are found in the center of the atom; they, with neutrons, make up the nucleus. The number of protons in an atom defines the identity of the element an atom with 1 proton is hydrogen, for example, and an atom with two protons is helium.
As such, protons are relatively stable; their number rarely changes, only in the instance of radioactive decay. Electrons are found in the periphery of the atom and have a charge of Typically in modeling atoms, protons and neutrons are regarded as stationary, while electrons move about in the space outside the nucleus like a cloud.
The negatively charged electronic cloud indicates the regions of the space where electrons are likely to be found. The electrons cloud patterns are extremely complex and is of no importance to the discussion of electric charge in the atom.
More important is the fact that electrons are labile; that is, they can be transferred from one atom to the next. It is through electronic transfer that atoms become charged. In the ground state, an atom will have an equal number of protons and electrons, and thus will have a net charge of 0. However, because electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, it is possible for atoms to become charged. Atoms in such a state are known as ions. The steady flow of electrons is called current.
Current is what flows through electrical wires and powers electronics items, from light bulbs to televisions. Planetary Model of an Atom : Small electrons orbit the large and relatively fixed nucleus of protons and neutrons. Describe properties of electric charge, such as its relativistic invariance and its conservation in closed systems.
Electric charge, like mass and volume, is a physical property of matter. Its SI unit is known as the Coulomb C , which represents 6. Charges can be positive or negative; a singular proton has a charge of 1. Like mass, electric charge in a closed system is conserved. As long as a system is impermeable, the amount of charge inside it will neither increase nor decrease; it can only be transferred.
However, electric charge differs from other properties—like mass—in that it is a relativistic invariant. That is, charge is independent of speed. The mass of a particle will rise exponentially as its speed approaches that of light, its charge, however, will remain constant. The independence of electric charge from speed was proven through an experiment in which one fast-moving helium nucleus two protons and two neutrons bound together was proven to have the same charge as two separate, slow-moving deuterium nuclei one proton and one neutron bound together in each nucleus.
Electric charge is a property that produces forces that can attract or repel matter. Mass is similar, although it can only attract matter, not repel it.
Still, the formula describing the interactions between charges is remarkably similar to that which characterizes the interactions between masses. For electric fields, the force F is related to the charges q 1 , q 2 and the distance r between them as:. Both act in a vacuum and are central depend only on distance between the forces and conservative independent of path taken. However, it should be noted that when comparing similar terms, charge-based interaction is substantially greater than that based on mass.
For example, the electric repulsion between two electrons is about 10 42 times stronger than their gravitational attraction. Charge separation, often referred to as static electricity, is the building of space between particles of opposite charges.
All matter is composed of atoms made up of negatively-charged electrons and positively-charged protons. In the ground state, each atom is of neutral charge—its protons and electrons are equal in number, and it exists with no permanent dipole. Because electrons are labile i. Static Electricity : Due to friction between her hair and the plastic slide, the girl on the left has created charge separation, resulting in her hair being attracted to the slide.
In chemistry, this charge separation is illustrated simply by the transfer of an electron from one atom to another as an ionic bond is formed. In physics, there are many other instances of charge separation that cannot be written as formal chemical reactions. Consider, for example, rubbing a balloon on your hair. This is because electrons from one have transferred to the other, causing one to be positive and the other to be negative.
Thus, the opposite charges attract. A similar example can be seen in playground slides as shown in. Charge separation can be created not only by friction, but by pressure, heat, and other charges. Both pressure and heat increase the energy of a material and can cause electrons to break free and separate from their nuclei. Charge, meanwhile, can attract electrons to or repel them from a nucleus.
Charge separation occurs often in the natural world. It can have an extreme effect if it reaches a critical level, whereat it becomes discharged. Lightning is a common example. Dielectric polarization is the phenomenon that arises when positive and negative charges in a material are separated. The concept of polarity is very broad and can be applied to molecules, light, and electric fields. For the purposes of this atom, we focus on its meaning in the context of what is known as dielectric polarization—the separation of charges in materials.
A dielectric is an insulator that can be polarized by an electric field, meaning that it is a material in which charge does not flow freely, but in the presence of an electric field it can shift its charge distribution. Positive charge in a dielectric will migrate towards the applied field, while negative charges will shift away.
This creates a weak local field within the material that opposes the applied field. Different materials will react differently to an induced field, depending on their dielectric constant. This constant is the degree of their polarizability the extent to which they become polarized.
The most basic view of dielectrics involves considering their charged components: protons and electrons. If an electric field is applied to an atom, the electrons in the atom will migrate away from the applied field. The protons, however, remain relatively exposed to the field.
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