In , the Ottomans laid siege to the city of Vienna. In the Battle of Ankara in , Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war, also known as the Fetret Devri, lasted from to as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. Ottoman , the padded, low-lying upholstered chair, got its name from the Ottoman Empire that ruled Turkey in the s. The name Ottoman was derived from Osman, a bey chieftain from a tribe in western Turkey, who declared independence from the Seljuk Turks.
Ottomans have a wide range of styles, shapes and sizes. The Ottomans were known for their achievements in art, science and medicine. Istanbul and other major cities throughout the empire were recognized as artistic hubs, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.
The Empire expanded its power by allowing the regional areas to maintain their identities within a federated system of control from Istanbul. As long as the local areas recognized the Ottomans as the ruling power and paid their taxes, the Ottomans gave some autonomy to the provinces.
Mongols and Turks were both originally from northern Asia. Neither they nor their original territory were ever subject to the Mongols , who never got far beyond the western frontiers of Anatolia, and the Ottomans didn't expand east into former Mongol territories until long after the Mongol empire had collapsed.
The Roman Empire in the East can be dated from then until, at the latest, the sack of Byzantium by the Ottoman Turks in , a total of 1, years. The Holy Roman Empire — the successor to the Western empire — lasted from , when Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Romans, until Napoleon ended it in The Mongol Empire It was the world's largest contiguous land empire, one that struck terror into all its enemies.
Bosnia was completely added to Ottoman lands in Ottomans won, the others lost. There are many reasons for their success : At the beginning, Ottomans fought mainly with christians not the other Turkish tribes. As a result, they had the admiration and respect of the others, because they were pursuing a holy cause. In the early days of the Ottoman Empire , the main goal of its leaders was expansion. It is believed that the Ottoman Empire was able to grow so rapidly because other countries were weak and unorganized, and also because the Ottomans had advanced military organization and tactics for the time.
Economy was greatly influenced by religion in the Ottoman Empire. One of the greatest empires in history, the Ottomans reigned for more than years before crumbling on the battlefields of World War I. But all empires that rise must fall, and six centuries after the Ottoman Empire emerged on the battlefields of Anatolia, it fell apart catastrophically in the theater of World War I.
Osman I, a leader of a nomadic Turkic tribe from Anatolia modern-day Turkey , began conquering the region in the late 13th century by launching raids against the weakening Christian Byzantine Empire.
Around , he declared himself supreme leader of Asia Minor, and his successors expanded farther and farther into Byzantine territory with the help of foreign mercenaries. Though it was a dynasty, only one role—that of the supreme ruler, or sultan—was hereditary. But the imperial court left casualties behind, too: female slaves forced into sexual slavery as concubines; male slaves expected to provide military and domestic labor; and brothers of sultans, many of whom were killed or, later, imprisoned to protect the sultan from political challenges.
At its height, the Ottoman Empire was a real player in European politics and was home to more Christians than Muslims. But in the 17th century, it began to lose its stronghold. Until then, there had always been new territory to conquer and new lands to exploit, but after the empire failed to conquer Vienna for a second time in , it began to weaken.
Political intrigue within the sultanate, strengthening of European powers, economic competition because of new trade routes, and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution all destabilized the once peerless empire. It would take a world war to end the Ottoman Empire for good. Already weakened beyond recognition, Sultan Abdul Hamid II briefly flirted with the idea of constitutional monarchy before changing course in the late s. In , the reform-minded Young Turks staged a full-fledged revolt and restored the constitution.
The Young Turks who now ruled the Ottoman Empire wanted to strengthen it, spooking its Balkan neighbors. The war that followed was disastrous. More than two thirds of the Ottoman military became casualties during World War I, and up to 3 million civilians died.
Among them were around 1. All rights reserved. After losing the losing the Balkan Wars to a coalition that included some of its former imperial possessions, the empire was forced to give up its remaining European territory. The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in That meant the empire had a shortage of well-trained military officers, engineers, clerks, doctors and other professions. Russia and Austria both supported rebellious nationalists in the Balkans to further their own influence.
Neighboring Czarist Russia, whose sprawling realm included Muslims as well, developed into an increasingly bitter rival. When the two empires took opposite sides in World War I, though, the Russians ended up collapsing first, in part because of the Ottoman forces prevented Russia from getting supplies from Europe via the Black Sea.
Tzar Nicholas II and his foreign minister, Sergei Sazanov, resisted the idea of negotiating a separate peace with the empire, which might have saved Russia. Before the war, the Ottoman Empire had signed a secret treaty with Germany, which turned out to be a very bad choice. Ultimately, the empire lost nearly a half a million soldiers , most of them to disease, plus about 3.
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