Can somatic cells be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells using mechanical cues alone? Genome Regulation , Transcription in Stem Cells. How is polarity established by cellular forces? Actomyosin , Cell Polarity , Contractile Fibers. How do forces affect actin remodeling at distant locations in a cell?
How does talin buffer forces in cells? Cell-matrix adhesions , Focal Adhesion Composition , Talin. How are apoptotic cells removed from the epithelial tissue in Drosophila pupae? Actomyosin , Adherens Junctions , Cadherin recruitment in adherens junction assembly. What is the role of non-junctional E-cadherin clusters? How do nuclear phosphoinositides mediate DNA damage repair? How do geometric constraints alter cell shape and rearrangement in curved epithelial tissues?
Actomyosin , Cell Polarity , Development. Terms of Use Privacy. Organelles can also protect a cell by containing and neutralizing dangerous substances. For example, peroxisomes carry out oxidation reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide—which is toxic to cells—but they also contain enzymes that convert it into harmless oxygen and water. Therefore, compartmentalization allows eukaryotic cells to carry out a variety of different functions that would otherwise be incompatible in terms of their required environments or by-products produced.
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Chapter 1: Scientific Inquiry. Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life. Chapter 3: Macromolecules. Chapter 5: Membranes and Cellular Transport. Chapter 6: Cell Signaling. Chapter 7: Metabolism. Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration. Chapter 9: Photosynthesis. Chapter Cell Cycle and Division. Chapter Meiosis. Chapter Classical and Modern Genetics. Chapter Gene Expression.
Chapter Biotechnology. Chapter Viruses. Chapter Nutrition and Digestion. Chapter Nervous System. Chapter Sensory Systems. Chapter Musculoskeletal System. Chapter Endocrine System. Chapter Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems. Chapter Osmoregulation and Excretion. Chapter Immune System.
Chapter Reproduction and Development. Chapter Behavior. For example, the breakdown of certain food molecules to provide energy takes place in the mitochondrion , and photosynthesis takes place in a chloroplast. Compartmentalization of metabolic processes makes eukaryotic cells very efficient and allows them to increase in size. Within the nucleus, are the molecules of DNA, the macromolecules that carry all the genetic and hereditary information of the cell.
Linear strands of DNA are entwinded with histone and other proteins to form chromosomes. Normally invisible, these structures can be stained with dyes, identified, and counted during the division process.
Every type of eukaryotic organism has its own unique collection of chromosomes. The fact that nuclei are present in all eukaryotic cells was recognized as early as by Robert Brown, and it is from the name "true nucleus" that we get the word " eu-karyote ".
Every time a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two new daughter cells, all the DNA molecules of the parent cell are faithfully copied and combined with histones to form compact packages. In the process called mitosis , one complete set of chromosomes is transmitted to each new daughter cell. This process ensures that each offspring is genetically identical to the parent cell. Most but not all eukaryotic cells contain two sets of their genetic information.
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